Community care support for dementia patients, caregivers

MOH's Reply

The Straits Times, 27 July 2016

Community care support for dementia patients, caregivers

Dr Allyn Hum ("Help dementia patients live - and die - with dignity"; July 5) and Dr Quek Koh Choon ("More advanced home care, support needed to tackle dementia"; July 8) raised important issues regarding better support for those with dementia and their caregivers.

The Ministry of Health and Agency for Integrated Care (AIC) are working to improve this, so that they can continue to lead dignified lives.

We are working with partners in the community to increase the capacity of dementia daycare. Today, our eldercare centres can look after more than 1,000 seniors with dementia at any one time. We target to increase this to 3,000 by 2020.

Partners like the Alzheimer's Disease Association and Thye Hua Kwan Moral Charities also engage seniors with dementia at home with activities that provide mental stimulation.

For those caring for their loved ones with dementia at home, there are subsidies for caregivers' training. Under the Caregivers Training Grant, annual subsidies of up to $200 are provided for caregivers, including foreign domestic workers, to attend courses to build up their skills and lower their risks of caregiver burnout.

It is also important that we raise dementia awareness and support persons with dementia to age in the community through public education and community support. This year, the AIC developed a dementia toolkit to help seniors and their caregivers better recognise early signs of dementia and its management.

Dementia-friendly communities were also launched in areas like MacPherson and Hong Kah North to create a more caring and inclusive society for seniors with dementia.

In addition, our 14 community resource, engagement and support teams (Crest) will continue to provide outreach and assistance to 47,000 at-risk seniors islandwide.

To care for those with dementia towards the end of their lives, we are piloting new palliative care programmes, such as Temasek Cares-Programme Dignity, and will continue to share learning points with the sector.

While we work to enhance dementia care, we also aim to delay the onset of dementia in seniors as far as possible through initiatives that promote healthy living, active ageing and social engagement, such as those under the Action Plan for Successful Ageing.

More information can be found at www.successful-ageing.sg

Ageing in place requires us to work together to support seniors in the community. We invite members of the public and caregivers to visit www.silverpages.sg to find out the full range of support available for dementia patients and their caregivers.

Lim Bee Khim (Ms)

Director, Corporate Communications

Ministry of Health

Andy Seet

Director, Corporate and Marketing Communications

Agency for Integrated Care

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Forum Letter

The Straits Times, 5 July 2016

Help dementia patients live - and die - with dignity

One of the difficulties I face as a geriatrician is the sense of helplessness in addressing the challenges experienced by my patients living with dementia.

Contrary to popular belief, dementia is not part of the normal ageing process. It is an incurable neurodegenerative disease which causes sufferers to lose their autonomy and identity.

Dementia, of which the commonest form is Alzheimer's, has no regard for social class, education or affluence, afflicting people from all walks of life. Memory and basic functional loss erode individual independence and dignity. In its advanced stages, patients eventually require care for basic needs and are often bedbound.

In 2012, about 28,000 people in Singapore aged 60 and older had dementia. The number is expected to soar to 80,000 by 2030. The number will increase with Singapore's ageing population, as the odds of developing dementia increase as one grows older. Singapore's economic, social and healthcare burden from dementia is estimated at $1.4 billion annually.

Patients with advanced dementia have poor life expectancy. In an effort to prolong life, many are tube-fed or placed on intravenous drips. Some are restrained to prevent self-harm. Unfortunately, these well-meaning treatments rarely improve survival, while severely impacting the quality of life.

It is therefore imperative that we put in place interventions which focus on helping patients live and die with dignity.

An approach that deserves more attention is palliative care. Widely used in managing serious conditions like cancer and end-stage organ illnesses, it focuses on improving the quality of life for patients and their families by alleviating pain and suffering at any stage of a life-threatening illness.

Palliative care can be administered alongside existing care plans, ensuring that patients continue to live comfortably, even with advanced illnesses.

But palliative care in dementia treatment is undersubscribed.

One reason is that advanced dementia is not traditionally viewed as a life-threatening illness. Neither is dementia a certified cause of death in Singapore. This is in contrast to places like England and the United States, where dementia is the second and sixth leading cause of death, respectively. Another reason is that dementia progression is notoriously hard to predict, making it difficult for healthcare professionals to pinpoint an appropriate time to recommend palliative care, if at all.

For example, advanced dementia patients are incapacitated by severely diminished mental faculties and their world becomes progressively silent as they lose the ability to express themselves.

In the last year of life, 83 per cent of patients experience confusion, 72 per cent are incontinent, while more than half suffer constipation and reduced food intake. Some 64 per cent of patients also experience significant amounts of pain - akin to late-stage cancer sufferers.

These symptoms are often not recognised or addressed. This, coupled with frequent hospital visits from recurrent infections, leads to poor quality of life in the final days.

Caregivers undergo considerable emotional and physical stress having to watch their loved ones suffer, while struggling to cope themselves.

There needs to be greater awareness and education of the suffering of advanced dementia patients and caregivers among the healthcare community and public, and the eventual upscaling of resources to support patients and families in the community. More innovative strategies can help provide cost-effective care across different healthcare settings.

One such method is home-based palliative care. Dover Park Hospice and Tan Tock Seng Hospital jointly developed a pilot programme funded by Temasek Cares, one of the philanthropic organisations under Temasek Holdings, to address the needs of advanced dementia patients and their caregivers at home.

The programme builds on existing homecare models and tailors palliative care protocols to dementia sufferers. Disease-based, but needs-specific, the programme evaluates patient comfort and caregiver well-being through internationally validated dementia-specific measures.

As patients are not able to clearly articulate distress, discomfort is evaluated through non-verbal cues such as facial expression, body posturing, vocalisation, breathing pattern and response to comfort and care. Challenging behaviours may also be a surrogate expression of physical or emotional distress.

Caregiver awareness and environmental and medication changes can be adapted to respond to these cues, to relieve distress and improve quality of life.

Teams comprising nursing, social work, geriatric and palliative specialists make regular home visits, where they use dementia- specific measures to gauge pain and suffering in patients. The team also supports families by helping them anticipate changes in care, and advising caregivers on coping with adjustments in physical and emotional well-being along the way.

In addition, the team acts as an intermediary, liaising with hospital, hospice and home, and simplifying the administrative process for caregivers. After-hours support is provided through an emergency hotline.

Since October 2014, Temasek Cares-Programme Dignity has helped over 200 patients with advanced dementia. Patients are referred to the homecare team by their physicians in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, in consultation with their families.

With this support, patients can remain at home, in a familiar, non-threatening environment, surrounded by loved ones. Caregivers, whose physical and emotional needs are often overlooked, are, in turn, supported by the homecare team.

However, the challenges of providing such services within the community are all too real. Dementia care is complex, requiring specialised training. In addition, a comparative lack of resources and funding in the community makes homecare work extremely demanding.

The current pilot shows the benefits of a collaborative care model involving tertiary hospital, homecare team and hospice. Such a model of care can potentially be replicated in the other regional healthcare systems in Singapore.

As our population ages, palliative care has to be expanded to match disease-specific needs. Healthcare providers have to be skilled in managing multiple complex end-stage conditions across various healthcare settings, including in the home.

We need to develop and expand disease-specific palliative homecare teams, equipped with the necessary medical and allied health expertise to support caregiving at home throughout Singapore. Members of the community can also do their part to provide emotional and social support to families in need.

In caring for our vulnerable elderly, Singapore must do better.

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Forum Letter

The Straits Times, 7 July 2016

More advanced home care, support needed to tackle dementia

I write not only as one who takes care of dementia patients among my other patients, but also as one whose late mother suffered from vascular dementia.

My mother-in-law also has Alzheimer's dementia.

Dr Allyn Hum's commentary is timely and deserves much attention from the health authorities and governing bodies ("Help dementia patients live - and die - with dignity"; Tuesday).

Dementia is a progressive debilitating illness, resulting in sufferers losing their identity and their independence.

It affects individuals from all walks of life. They lose their memory and basic functions, such as the ability to feed themselves, take care of their bowel movements and meet simple daily needs.

This invariably leads to loss of dignity, confusion and depression.

Sufferers find it difficult to express their needs, and may often endure pain and illnesses, without the knowledge of their caregivers.

It is not uncommon for dementia patients to suffer from dehydration because they are unable to ask for fluids, and caregivers may inadvertently leave them for hours with their food and drink not consumed.

Sufferers may also lose their inhibitions and have an extreme change in personality. Some can become very aggressive towards their family members, while others can become paranoid.

Caregivers will suffer tremendous stress and may be unable to cope physically and emotionally.

We need more advanced home care, more health personnel to provide palliative care, and support from the health authorities to meet the oncoming tsunami of dementia that will afflict our increasingly ageing population.

Quek Koh Choon ( Dr)